Heat transfer to boiling liquid in evaporators. Physical and pharmaceutical factors affecting evaporation. Classification and study of pan, forced circulation, film, vacuum and multiple effect evaporator. Entrainment, prevention of foam and steam traps. Discuss the factors affecting evaporation. With a neat sketch describe the working principle of a standard type vertical evaporator.

Basic concepts and definition, wet-bulb and adiabatic saturation temperature, psychrometric chart and measurement of humidity, application of humidity measurement in pharmacy, equipments of dehumidification operations. Humidity is concerned with the physical properties of mixtures of air and water vapor. It is the air in which the water vapour is in equilibrium with liquid water at the given temperature and pressure.

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